Key questions on the atmosphere

• What are the various handles on the water abundance? What is the global value? How is water distributed with respect to latitude, altitude and time?
• Moist convection - Differences from Earth; role in dynamics, temperatures, heat transport, clouds and chemical species
• Lightning – Shallow vs deep? What are the various ways of detection? Optical power, occurrence frequency? What does it tell us about water, ammonia & deep convection?

• What do we know?  Ammonia-rich air from 0-5N, ammonia-poor air from 3-15 bars at other latitudes, correlation of ammonia mixing ratio with belts and zones at 40-60 bars
• Models – 3D GCMs with parameterized convection and precipitation. 2D (altitude-longitude) cloud-resolving models, 3D cloud-resolving models.
• Relation to water – Mush balls and ammonia vapor bombs. How does internal heat get transported upward through the ammonia minimum at 3-15 bars?

• What do we know? Winds, vorticity, anticyclonic shielding, upscale energy transfer
• Comparison with vortex crystals in the laboratory. Effect of vanishing beta, shielding, PV staircase, radius of deformation. Can we observe forcing and dissipation of vortices?
• Model reconciliation – shallow water, quasi-geostrophic, 1-layer, 2-layer, 2D, 3D; evolution from initial conditions vs continuous forcing/dissipation

• What do we know? Depth of NS asymmetry. Extension to latitudes beyond 25 degrees?  Is 3000 km decay with depth consistent with onset of electrical conductivity? Why not decay with distance parallel to rotation axis?
• Eddy momentum flux in the clouds as a driver of vertical motion in belts and zones. Closure of meridional circulation – wave drag above the clouds, MHD drag below?
• Where do the eddies get their energy – convection or baroclinic instability?

Key questions on the interior structure of Jupiter

1. Composition and temperature profile of the deep atmosphere
   1. What is the composition and temperature profile of the deep atmosphere
   2. How do the uncertainties in temperature and composition affect our understanding of Jupiter’s interior structure?
   3. What are the requirements on amount of heavy elements in Jupiter’s envelope (Z)?
2. How do the gravity, magnetic field and deep atmosphere couple?
   1. What is the internal structure that the gravity data requires/permits?
   2. What does the magnetic field tell us about Jupiter’s interior structure?
3. What is the nature and origin of Jupiter's dynamic gravity?
   1. What can the tides tell us about Jupiter’s interior?
   2. What can normal modes tell us about Jupiter’s interior?
   3. Are there differentially rotating structures embedded in Jupiter’s deep atmosphere or interior?
4. How do we reconcile accretion and evolution models with interior models?
   1. What are the constraints on the presence and mass of a diffuse core?
   2. What are the constraints on the presence and mass of an inner discrete core?
   3. Can Jupiter reduce the uncertainties in the equation of state?

Key questions in the origin of Jupiter

1. Properties of Jupiter pertaining to its origin
   1. Abundance of water (oxygen) from Juno
   2. Distribution of the heavy elements (O,C,Ne,Fe,….)
      1. Oxygen at different depths (if available)
         1. What does sulfur tell us about the rock abundance?
         2. What do the trace species tell us about abundances and vertical mixing (AsH3, PH3, GeH4,….)
      2. Presence of alkali metals as a proxy for the rocky component
      3. Requirements from internal model and b.c. on envelope Z
   3. Presence and mass of a diffuse core
   4. Presence and mass of an inner discrete core
2. Timing and number of stages in Jupiter formation
   1. Core formation (Stage I) plus gas+solid Stage II + gas Stage III?
      1. Stage I: Entropy, amount of mixing, role of pebbles in accelerating?
      2. Stage III: what determines Jupiter’s final mass?
   2. More intermediate stages? Timing?
   3. Process of heavy element addition to the envelope?
      1. Carriers: rock vs ice, what phase of ice.
      2. Timing: which Stage, post Stage III (late accretion)?
   4. Photoevaporation of the disk: When relative to Jupiter? How much?
3. How does Jupiter fit in with the rest of the planets here and in exo-systems?
   1. Timing relative to terrestrial planets
   2. Timing relative to Saturn—Grand Tack
   3. Exo-Jupiters
      1. Range of heavy element abundances and correlation with mass?
      2. Accuracy of observations of C/O (range) in exo-Jupiters (hot or not)
      3. Other elements: S, N/O, Fe/O, PH3,
      4. JWST observations—can better observations of exoplanets better constrain g.p. formation
      5. Rings and dust disks in exoplanet systems—what do they tell us about planet formation?
      6. Gas accretion rates from direct imaging of disks?
4. What do the Galilean moons have to tell us about Jupiter’s formation?
   1. (Limited to general discussion as satellites not in workshop)